VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF DBMS

As one of the oldest components associated with computers, the database management system, or DBMS, is a computer software program that is designed as the means of managing all databases that are currently installed on a system hard drive or network. Different types of database management systems exist, with some of them designed for the oversight and proper control of databases that are configured for specific purposes.

COMPONENTS OF DBMS :-

DBMS Engine accepts logical request from the various other DBMS subsystems, converts them into physical equivalents, and actually accesses the database and data dictionary as they exist on a storage device.

Data Definition Subsystem helps user to create and maintain the data dictionary and define the structure of the files in a database.

Data Manipulation Subsystem helps user to add, change, and delete information in a database and query it for valuable information. Software tools within the data manipulation subsystem are most often the primary interface between user and the information contained in a database. It allows user to specify its logical information requirements.

Application Generation Subsystem contains facilities to help users to develop transaction-intensive applications. It usually requires that user perform a detailed series of tasks to process a transaction. It facilitates easy-to-use data entry screens, programming languages, and interfaces.

Data Administration Subsystem helps users to manage the overall database environment by providing facilities for backup and recovery, security management, query optimization, concurrency control, and change management.

A database system is composed of four components;

• Data

• Hardware

• Software

• Users

which coordinate with each other to form an effective database system.

INDUSTRY & ENGINEERING

Many engineering companies, especially those in industrialized nations, have begun to
incorporate computer-aided engineering (CAE) programs into their existing design and
analysis processes, including 2D and 3D solid modeling computer-aided design (CAD). This
method has many benefits, including easier and more exhaustive visualization of products,
the ability to create virtual assemblies of parts, and the ease of use in designing mating
interfaces and tolerances.
Other CAE programs commonly used by engineers include product lifecycle management
(PLM) tools and analysis tools used to perform complex simulations. Analysis tools
may be used to predict product response to expected loads, including fatigue life and
manufacturability. These tools include finite element analysis (FEA), computational fluid
dynamics (CFD), and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).
Using CAE programs, a mechanical design team can quickly and cheaply iterate the design
process to develop a product that better meets cost, performance, and other constraints. No
physical prototype need be created until the design nears completion, allowing hundreds or
thousands of designs to be evaluated, instead of a relative few. In addition, CAE analysis
programs can model complicated physical phenomena which cannot be solved by hand, such
as viscoelasticity, complex contact between mating parts, or non-Newtonian flows
As engineering begins to merge with other disciplines, as seen in mechatronics,
multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) is being used with other CAE programs to
automate and improve the iterative design process. MDO tools wrap around existing CAE
processes, allowing product evaluation to continue even after the analyst goes home for the
day. They also utilize sophisticated optimization algorithms to more intelligently explore
possible designs, often finding better, innovative solutions to difficult multidisciplinary
design problems.
Computer-aided engineering (CAE) is the scientific application of a set of tools and
methods to a system which is meant to result in high-quality, defect-free, and maintainable
engineering products. It also refers to methods for the development of information systems
together with automated tools that can be used in the software and hardware development
process.

Computer engineering industry has an enormous impact over the economy of any country, as today's modern technological advancements are largely dependent on computer engineering industry. Over time, this industry is booming in such a way, that it may exceed all expectations.

DATA PROCESSING & INFORMATION PROCESS

DATA PROCESSING & INFORMATION PROCESS

  Data is the collection of facts which is unorganized but can be organized into useful information.

• Data is the raw material from which information is derived.
• It is raw facts or observations.
• E.g :- The sale of automobile or tool would generate lot of data describing those events.

  Information is referred to as data that have been processed into a form that is meaningful to the recipient & is of real or perceived value in current or prospective actions or decisions.

• Information is data that has been interpreted so that it has meaning for the user. "The price of crude oil has risen from $70 to $80 per barrel" gives meaning to the data & so is said to be information to someone who tracks oil prices.
• Information results from data that are organized or structured in some meaningful ways.
• Data is usually useful until it is subjected to a "value added process."

1.  Its form is aggregated, manipulated & organized.
2. Its content is analyzed & evaluated.
3. It is placed in proper context for the human user.

DATA -----> PROCESS ------> INFORMATION -----> DECISION ------------> ACTION
  DATA + RELEVANCE + PURPOSE = INFORMATION.


DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DATA & INFORMATION

•     Data are facts but information based on data are not necessarily facts.
• Though information arises from data, all data do not become information. There is a lot of selective filtering of data before processing them into information.
• Data are the results of routine recording of events & activities taking place whereas the generation of information is user driven & not always automatic.
• Data are independent of users whereas information is user dependant.
• Information reports that are generated may not be useful to some or the other user or groups of users.
• Information for one user is data for another user.

Data processing & Information Processing :-

• Data are ill structured. eg. form vouchers etc.
• Captured data are structured for storage & further processing.
• Series of operations are performed on the data to generate information.
• Different types of operations can be performed on the data like aggregation, summarisation, calculation etc. Depends on the type & quality of the information required.
• Information processing includes traditional data processing as well as processing text, images etc.

DATA PPOCESSING

  DATA PROCESSING  is any process that uses a computer program to enter data and summarise, analyze or otherwise convert data into usable information. The process may be automated and run on a computer. It involves recording, analysing, sorting, summarising, calculating, disseminating, & storing data.

• Programming language of Cobol was used in the 1960's for business data processing.

e.g:- Pay Roll System - In an organisation, the records of employees are feeded in the computer. These records may have various fields viz. Name, Designation, Address, Basic, Pay, D.A, H.R.A. etc. They are provided salary slips showing complete details of salary.


     Data processing involves a number of transactions & file maintenance in order to provide a database for generating & providing information to users at management levels.

Methods of Data Processing :-

1. Manual
2. Semi - Manual
3. Mechanical
4. Electronic.